Timeline of invention

This is a list of inventions, listed in chronological order.

Significant inventions not assigned

pre homo sapiens technology:

• spoken languages; meaning the actual set of words and grammatical structure rather than the evolution of the biological ability for language.
• burial rituals
• controlled use of fire
• first stone tools.

with homo sapiens:

• use of pigments (cave paintings/ ceremonial body paint/ painting of clothes and artifacts).
• the arch - used extensively by Rome but existing earlier
• the canoe and the boat
• cultivation of lactic acid bacteria, used on milk, vegetables and skin
• use of other types of bacteria, for example used for tanning and producing vinegar
• the pulley
• the screw
• soap
• the stirrup

Significant inventions, arranged in chronological order

Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first practical, fielded, version of the invention should be used here.

8th millennium BC

• Domestication of farm animals (sheep and goats, Persia)
• cultivation of cereals in Mesopotamia
• first walled town (Jericho)
• primitive bread (Egypt)

7th millennium BC

• Pottery
• fabric
• the wedge
• use of metal (copper jewelry, Anatolia)

4th millennium BC

33rd century BC

• cuneiform writing in Sumer
• wheeled vehicles
• the potter's wheel
• the plough

31st century BC

• hieroglyphics in Egypt

3rd millennium BC

• ideographic writing in China
• bronze
• tents
• sledges - Scandinavia
• levers
• the use of yeast for:
• * leavened bread
• * Fermentation to produce wine in Egypt and beer in Sumeria

27th century BC

• Pyramids in Ancient Egypt. See also Egyptology

23rd century BC

• clay maps in Babylon

22nd century BC

True astronomical observation - Mesopotamia

Spherical geometry in Babylon

21st century BC

• Cretan writing

2nd millennium BC

19th century BC

• Babylonian cuneiform
• Code of Hammurabi - invention of codified municipal law

18th century BC

• Linear A - Hagia Triada

16th century BC

• The alphabet developed by Phoenicians

15th century BC

• Linear B - mainland Greece or Knossus

1st millennium BC

7th century BC

• Coinage

6th century BC

• irrational numbers: followers of Pythagoras

5th century BC

• 460s BC: first atomic theory: Democritus
• 410s BC: heliocentric solar system with spherical Sun ,Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn - Philolaus
• 400s BC: Catapults in Syracuse

4th century BC

3rd century BC

• 220s BC: measurement of Circumference of the Earth: Eratosthenes
• 220s BC: Archimedes
• * Specific gravity
• * concept of limit
• * Archimedean solids
• * false attribution of hydraulic screw pump as archimedes screw
• * parabolic mirror
• Compass - a south pointing spoonlike lodestone in Han dynasty.

2nd century BC

• 150s BC: Astrolabe: Hipparchus

1st century BC

• Glass-blowing in Syria
• differential gear (the antikythera mechanism) somewhere in the Greek or Latin speaking world

1st millennium

1st century

• Hero of Alexandria: aeolipile (steam turbine}

2nd century

• 105: paper: Ts'ai Lun

3rd century

The Nydam Boats. Without sails but with ship-hulls similar to that of the later age viking-ships.

4th century

5th century

6th century

7th century

8th century

• 700: Windmills in Persia
• c. 770: Oldest printed work, the Million Charms of Empress Shotoku in Japan
• Viking ships. Ocean going longships and river going longboats were vessels with superior speed.

9th century

10th century

• Gunpowder (in China: some ref says 8th century?)

2nd millennium

11th century

• 1045: Moveable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
• 1050: Crossbow in France

12th century

13th century

• 1234: First known, datable use of cast metal moveable type, in Korea
• 1249: Gunpowder formula

14th century

• 1335: Mechanical clock (Milan)
• 1346: Cannon in wide use

15th century

• Rifle
• 1450: Moveable type in Europe: Johann Gutenberg
• 1480: Nautical astrolabe: Martin Behaim
• 1480: Parachute: Leonardo da Vinci

16th century

• 1593: Thermometer: Galileo Galilei
• 1595: Microscope: Zacharias Janssen

17th century

• 1608: Refracting telescope: Hans Lippershey
• 1609: Telescope in astronomy: Galileo Galilei
• 1610: First unambiguous, documented microscope: Galileo Galilei
• 1620: Slide rule: William Oughtred
• 1623: Automatic Calculator: Wilhelm Schickard
• 1642: Adding machine: Blaise Pascal
• 1643: Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli
• 1645: Vacuum pump: Otto von Guericke
• 1657: Pendulum clock: Christiaan Huygens
• 1698: Steam engine: Thomas Savery

18th century

• 1701: Seed drill: Jethro Tull
• 1705: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomen
• 1709: Piano: Bartolomeo Cristofori
• 1710: Thermometer: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
• 1714: Mercury thermometer: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
• 1730: Mariner's quadrant: Thomas Godfrey
• 1731: Sextant: John Hadley
• 1733: Flying shuttle: John Kay (Flying Shuttle)
• 1742: Franklin stove: Benjamin Franklin
• 1750: Flatboat: Jacob Yoder
• 1752: Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin
• 1762: Iron smelting process: Jared Eliot
• 1767: Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves
• 1769: Steam engine: James Watt
• 1769: Water Frame: Richard Arkwright
• 1775: Submarine Turtle: David Bushnell
• 1777: Card making machine: Oliver Evans
• 1777: Circular saw: Samuel Miller
• 1779: Spinning Mule: Samuel Crompton
• 1785: Power loom: Edmund Cartwright
• 1785: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evans
• 1783: Multitubular boiler engine: John Stevens
• 1783: Bifocals: Benjamin Franklin
• 1783: Hot air balloon: Montgolfier brothers
• 1784: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnel
• 1785: Parachute: Jean Pierre Blanchard
• 1787: Non-condensing high pressure Engine: Oliver Evans
• 1790: Cut and head nail machine: Jacob Perkins
• 1791: Steamboat: John Fitch
• 1791: Artificial Teeth: Nicholas Dubois De Chemant
• 1793: Cotton gin: Eli Whitney
• 1793: Optical telegraph: Claude Chappe
• 1797: Cast iron plow: Charles Newbold
• 1798: Vaccination: Edward Jenner
• 1799: Seeding machine: Eliakim Spooner

19th century

=1800s

=

• 1800: Electric battery: Alessandro Volta
• 1801: Jacquard loom: Joseph Marie Jacquard
• 1802: Screw propeller steamboat Phoenix: John Stevens
• 1802: gas stove: Zachäus Andreas Winzler
• 1805: Submarine Nautilus: Robert Fulton
• 1805: Refrigerator: Oliver Evans
• 1807: Steamboat Clermont: Robert Fulton
• 1808: Band saw: William Newberry

=1810s

=

• 1811: Gun- Breechloader: Thornton (?)
• 1814: Steam Locomotive (Blucher): George Stephenson
• 1816: Miner's safety lampDavy lamp:Humphry Davy
• 1816: Hand printing press: George Clymer
• 1816: Metronome: Johann Nepomuk Maelzel (reputed)
• 1817: Kaleidoscope: David Brewster
• 1819: Breech loading flintlock: John Hall
• 1819: Stethoscope: Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec

=1820s

=

• 1821: Electric motor: Michael Faraday
• 1823: Electromagnet: William Sturgeon
• 1827: Insulated wire: Joseph Henry
• 1827: Friction match: John Walker
• 1826: Photography: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
• 1826: internal combustion engine: Samuel Morey

=1830s

=

• 1831: Multiple coil magnet: Joseph Henry
• 1831: Magnetic acoustic telegraph: Joseph Henry
• 1831: Reaper: Cyrus McCormick
• 1831: Electrical generator: Michael Faraday
• 1835: Photogenic Drawing: William Henry Fox Talbot
• 1835: Revolver: Samuel Colt
• 1835: Morse code: Samuel Morse
• 1836: Improved screw propeller: John Ericsson
• 1837: Photography: Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
• 1837: Steel plow: John Deere
• 1837: Standard diving dress: Augustus Siebe
• 1838: Electric telegraph: Charles Wheatstone
• 1839: Vulcanization of rubber: Charles Goodyear

=1840s

=

• 1840: Frigate with submarine machinery SS Princeton: John Ericsson
• 1840: artificial fertilizer: Justus von Liebig
• 1842: Anaesthesia: Crawford Long
• 1843: Typewriter: Charles Thurber
• 1844: Telegraph: Samuel Morse
• 1845: Portland cement: William Aspdin
• 1845: Double tube tire: Robert Thomson (inventor)
• 1846: Sewing machine: Elias Howe
• 1846: Rotary printing press: Richard M. Hoe
• 1849: Safety pin: Walter Hunt
• 1849: Francis turbine: James B. Francis

=1850s

=

• 1852: Airship: Henri Giffard
• 1852: Passenger elevator: Elisha Otis
• 1852: Gyroscope: Léon Foucault
• 1853: Glider: Sir George Cayley
• 1855: Bunsen burner: Robert Bunsen
• 1856: First celluloid's: Alexander Parkes, Steel process: Henry Bessemer
• 1858: Undersea telegraph cable: Fredrick Newton Gisborne
• 1858: Shoe sole sewing machine: Lyman R. Blake
• 1858: Mason jar: John L. Mason
• 1859: Oil drill: Edwin L. Drake
• 1860: Linoleum: Fredrick Walton

=1860s

=

• 1860: Repeating rifle: Oliver F. Winchester, Christopher Spencer
• 1860: Self-propelled torpedo: Ivan Lupis-Vukić
• 1861: Ironclad USS Monitor: John Ericsson
• 1861: Furnace for steel: Wilhelm von Siemens
• 1862: Revolving machine gun: Richard J. Gatling
• 1862: Mechanical submarine: Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
• 1863: Player piano: Henri Fourneaux
• 1864: Sleeping car: George Pullman
• 1865: Compression ice machine: Thaddeus Lowe
• 1866: Dynamite: Alfred Nobel
• 1867: Practical Typewriter: Christopher L. Sholes
• 1868: Typewriter: Carlos Glidden, James Densmore and Samuel Soule
• 1868: Air brake (rail): George Westinghouse
• 1868: Lawn mower: Hills Budding Ferrabee (???)
• 1868: Oleomargarine: Mege Mouries
• 1869: Vacuum cleaner: I.W. McGaffers

=1870s

=

• 1870: Magic Lantern projector: Henry R. Heyl
• 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edison
• 1871: Cable car (railway): Andrew S. Hallidie
• 1871: Compressed air rock drill: Simon Ingersoll
• 1872: Celluloid (later development): John W. Hyatt
• 1872: Adding machine: Edmund D. Barbour
• 1873: Barbed wire: Joseph F. Glidden
• 1874: Electric street car: Stephen Dudle Field
• 1875: Dynamo: William A. Anthony
• 1875: Gun- (magazine): B. Hotchkiss
• 1875: Automobile: Siegfried Marcus
• 1876: Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell
• 1876: Telephone: Elisha Gray
• 1876: Carpet sweeper: Melville Bissell
• 1876: Gasoline carburettor: Daimler
• 1877: Induction motor: Nikola Tesla
• 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edison
• 1877: Electric welding: Elihu Thomson
• 1877: Twine Knotter: John Appleby
• 1878: Cathode ray tube: William Crookes
• 1878: Transparent film: Eastman Goodwin
• 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss
• 1879: Pelton turbine: Lester Pelton
• 1879: Incandescent Light bulb: Thomas Alva Edison
• 1879: Automobile engine: Karl Benz
• 1879: Cash register: James Ritty
• 1879: Automobile (Patent): George B. Seldon ... note did NOT invent auto

=1880s

=

• 1880: Photophone: Alexander Graham Bell
• 1880: Roll film: George Eastman
• 1880: Safety razor: Kampfe Brothers
• 1880: Seismograph: John Milne
• 1881: Electric welding machine: Elihu Thomson
• 1882: Electric fan: Schuyler Skatts Wheeler
• 1882: Electric flat iron: Henry W. Seely
• 1883: Auto engine - compression ignition: Gottlieb Daimler
• 1884: Linotype machine: Ottmar Mergenthaler
• 1884: Fountain pen: Lewis Waterman NB: Did not invent fountain pen, nor even "first practical fountain pen". Started manufacture in 1883, too.
• 1884: Punched card accounting: Herman Hollerith
• 1884: Trolley car, (electric): Frank Sprague, Karel Van de Poele
• 1885: Automobile, differential gear: Karl Benz
• 1885: Motor cycle: Gottlieb Daimler
• 1885: Alternating current transformer: William Stanley
• 1886: Dishwasher: Josephine Cochrane
• 1886: Gasoline engine: Gottlieb Daimler
• 1886: Improved phonograph cylinder: Tainter & Bell
• 1887: Monotype machine: Tolbert Lanston
• 1887: Gramophone record: Emile Berliner
• 1887: Automobile, (gasoline): Gottlieb Daimler
• 1888: Polyphase AC Electric power system: Nikola Tesla (30 related patents.)
• 1888: Kodak hand camera: George Eastman
• 1888: Ballpoint pen: John Loud
• 1888: Pneumatic tube tire: John Boyd Dunlop
• 1888: Harvester-thresher: Matteson (?)
• 1888: Kinematograph: Augustin Le Prince
• 1889: Automobile, (steam): Sylvester Roper

=1890s

=

• 1890: Pneumatic Hammer: Charles B. King
• 1891: Automobile Storage Battery: William Morrison
• 1891: Zipper: Whitcomb Judson
• 1891: Carborundum: Edward G. Acheson
• 1892: Color photography: Frederic E. Ives
• 1892: Automobile, (electric): William Morrison
• 1892: Automobile, (gasoline): Duryea Brothers
• 1892: Automatic telephone exchange (electromechanical): Almon Strowger - First in commercial service.
• 1893: Photographic gun: E.J. Marcy
• 1893: Half tone engraving: Frederick Ives
• 1893: Wireless communication: Nikola Tesla
• 1895: Phatoptiken projector: Woodville Latham
• 1895: Phantascope: C. Francis Jenkins
• 1895: Disposable blades: King C. Gillette
• 1895: Diesel engine: Rudolf Diesel
• 1895: Radio signals: Guglielmo Marconi
• 1896: Vitascope: Thomas Armat
• 1896: Steam turbine: Charles Curtis
• 1896: Electric stove: William S. Hadaway
• 1897: Automobile, magneto: Robert Bosch
• 1898: Remote control: Nikola Tesla
• 1899: Automobile self starter: Clyde J. Coleman
• 1899: Magnetic tape recorder: Valdemar Poulsen
• 1899: Gas turbine: Charles Curtis

20th century

=1900s

=

• 1900: Rigid dirigible airship: Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin
• 1901: Improved wireless transmitter: Reginald Fessenden
• 1901: Mercury vapor lamp: Peter C. Hewitt
• 1901: paperclip: Johan Vaaler
• 1902: Radio magnetic detector: Guglielmo Marconi
• 1902: Radio telephone: Poulsen Reginald Fessenden
• 1902: Rayon cellulose ester: Arthur D. Little
• 1903: Electrocardiograph (EKG): Willem Einthoven
• 1903: Powered Airplane: Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright
• 1903: Bottle machine: Michael Owens
• 1904: Thermionic valve: John Ambrose Fleming
• 1904: Separable Attachment Plug: Harvey Hubbell
• 1905: Radio tube diode: John Ambrose Fleming
• 1906: Triode amplifier: Lee DeForest
• 1907: Radio amplifier: Lee DeForest
• 1907: Radio tube triode: Lee DeForest
• 1907: Vacuum cleaner, (electric): James Spangler
• 1907: Washing machine, (electric): Alva Fisher (Hurley Corporation)
• 1909: Monoplane: Henry W. Walden
• 1909: Bakelite: Leo Baekeland
• 1909: Gun silencer: Hiram Percy Maxim

=1910s

=

• 1910: Thermojet engine: Henri Coandă
• 1911: Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry
• 1911: Automobile self starter (perfected): Charles F. Kettering
• 1911: Air conditioner: Willis Haviland Carrier
• 1911: Cellophane: Jacques Brandenburger
• 1911: Hydroplane: Glenn Curtiss
• 1912: Regenerative radio circuit: Edwin H. Armstrong
• 1913: Improved X-Ray: William D. Coolidge
• 1913: Double acting wrench: Robert Owen
• 1913: Cracking process for Gasoline: William M. Burten
• 1913: Gyroscope stabilizer: Elmer A. Sperry
• 1913: Geiger counter: Hans Geiger
• 1913: Radio receiver, cascade tuning: Ernst Alexanderson
• 1913: Radio receiver, heterodyne: Reginald Fessenden
• 1914: Radio transmitter triode mod.: Ernst Alexanderson
• 1914: Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddard
• 1914: Tank, military: Ernest Dunlop Swinton
• 1915: Filament Tungsten: Irving Langmuir
• 1915: Searchlight arc: Elmer A. Sperry
• 1915: Radio tube oscillator: Lee DeForest
• 1916: Browning Gun: John Browning
• 1916: Thompson submachine gun: John T. Thompson
• 1916: Incandescent gas lamp: Irving Langmuir
• 1917: Sonar echolocation: Paul Langevin
• 1918: Super heterodyne: Edwin H. Armstrong
• 1918: Interrupter gear: Anton Fokker
• 1918: Radio crystal oscillator: A.M. Nicolson
• 1918: Pop-up toaster: Charles Strite
• 1919: the Theremin: Leon Theremin
• 1919: First licensed radio station, KDKA AM, in Pennsylvania, USA

=1920s

=

• 1922: Radar: Robert Watson-Watt Taylor Young Breit Tuve
• 1922: Technicolor: Herbert T. Kalmus
• 1923: Arc tube: Ernst Alexanderson
• 1923: Sound film: Lee DeForest
• 1923: Television Electronic: Philo Farnsworth
• 1923: Wind tunnel: Max Munk
• 1923: Autogyro: Juan de la Cierva
• 1923: Xenon flash lamp: Harold Edgerton
• 1925: ultra-centrifuge: Theodor Svedberg - used to determine molecular weights
• 1925: Television Iconoscope: Vladimir Zworykin
• 1925: Television Nipkow System: C. Francis Jenkins
• 1925: Telephoto: C. Francis Jenkins
• 1926: Television Mechanical Scanner: John Logie Baird
• 1926: Aerosol spray: Rotheim
• 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rust
• 1928: sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohwedder
• 1928: Electric dry shaver: Jacob Schick
• 1929: Electroencephelograph (EEG): Hans Berger
• 1929: Antibiotics

=1930s

=

• 1930: Neoprene: Wallace Carothers
• 1930: Nylon: Wallace Carothers
• 1931: the Radio telescope: Karl Jansky Grote Reber
• 1932: Polaroid glass: Edwin H. Land
• 1935: microwave radar: Robert Watson-Watt
• 1935: Trampoline: George Nissen and Larry Griswold
• 1935: Spectrophotometer: Arthur C. Hardy
• 1935: Casein fiber: Earl Whittier Stephen
• 1935: Hammond Organ: Laurens Hammond
• 1936: Pinsetter (bowling): Gottfried Schmidt
• 1937: Jet engine: Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain
• 1938: Fiberglass: Games Slayter John H. Thomas
• 1938: Computer: Konrad Zuse
• 1939: FM radio: Edwin H. Armstrong
• 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorsky
• 1939: View-master: William Gruber

=1940s

=

• 1942: Bazooka Rocket Gun: L. A. Skinner C. N. Hickman
• 1942: Undersea oil pipeline: Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto
• 1942: frequency hopping: Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil
• 1943: Aqua-Lung: Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan
• 1944: Electron spectrometer: Deutsch Elliot Evans
• 1944: the digital computer
• 1945: Nuclear weapons (but note: chain reaction theory: 1933)
• 1946: microwave oven: Percy Spencer
• 1947: Transistor: William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen
• 1947: Polaroid camera: Edwin Land
• 1948: Long Playing Record: Peter Goldmark
• 1949: Atomic clocks

=1950s

=

• 1951: Liquid Paper: Bette Nesmith Graham
• 1952: fusion bomb: Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam
• 1952: hovercraft: Christopher Cockerell
• 1953: maser: Charles Townes
• 1953: medical ultrasonography
• 1954: transistor radio (dated from the from Regency TR1) (USA)
• 1954: first nuclear power reactor
• 1954: geodesic dome: Buckminster Fuller
• 1955: Velcro: George de Mestral
• 1957: Jet Boat: William Hamilton NZ
• 1957: EEG topography: Walter Grey Walter
• 1958: the Integrated circuit: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor
• 1959: snowmobile: Joseph-Armand Bombardier

=1960s

=

• 1960: lasers: Theodore Maiman, at Hughes Aircraft
• 1962: Communications satellites: Arthur C. Clarke
• 1962: Light-emitting diode Nick_Holonyak
• 1960s: Packet switching: Donald Davies and Paul Baran
• 1965: 8-track tapes: William Powell Lear
• 1969: the ARPANET, predecessor of the Internet

=1970s

=

• 1970: Fiber optics
• 1971: E-mail: Ray Tomlinson
• 1971: the Microprocessor
• 1971: the Pocket calculator
• 1972: Computed Tomography: Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
• 1973: Ethernet: Bob Metcalfe and D. R. Boggs
• 1974: Scramjet: NASA and United States Navy -- first operational prototype flown in 2002
• 1976: Gore-Tex fabric: W. L. Gore
• 1977: the personal computer (dated from Commodore PET)
• 1978: LaserVision releases the laserdisc player
• 1978: Spring loaded camming device: Ray Jardine
• 1979: the Walkman: Akio Morita, Masaru Ibuka, Kozo Ohsone
• 1979: the cellular telephone (first commercially fielded version, NTT)
• 197x: Leaf blower (exact year unknown)
• 1970s: Tomahawk Cruise Missile (first computerized cruise missile)

=1980s

=

• 1981: the Xerox Star is the first computer to feature a WIMP graphical user interface
• 1982: Sony and Philips release compact discs
• 1983: the Internet Protocol, which created the Internet as we know it
• 1985: polymerase chain reaction: Kary Mullis
• 1985: DNA fingerprinting: Alec Jeffreys
• 1986: breadmaker
• 1989: the GPL, enabling the free software movement: Richard Stallman
• 1989: the World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee

=1990s

=

• 1991: genetically modified, herbicide tolerant soybeans developed
• 1993: Global Positioning System
• 1995: wiki software: Ward Cunningham
• 1995: DVD standard devloped
• 1996: cloning of mammals: Ian Wilmut and others
• 1997: Self-heating can
• 1998: Portable digital audio player (MP3 player)
• 1998: TiVo
• 1999: IEEE 802.11b
• 1999: Bluetooth

3rd millennium

21st century

• 2001: Digital satellite radio
• 2001: Artificial heart.

See also

• Invention
• List of inventors
• List of inventions named after people
• List of timelines
• List of technologies

Other technology timelines

• Timeline of agriculture and food technology
• Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
• Timeline of communication technology
• Timeline of lighting technology
• Timeline of low-temperature technology
• Timeline of materials technology
• Timeline of microscope technology
• Timeline of motor and engine technology
• Timeline of photography technology
• Timeline of rocket and missile technology
• Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
• Timeline of time measurement technology
• Timeline of transportation technology
• Timeline of underwater technology

ca:Cronologia d'invents da:Tidslinje for tekniske opfindelser de:Liste bedeutender Erfindungen es:Cronología de inventos nl:Lijst van uitvindingen uk:Хронологія винаходів Category:History of science Category:Technology timelines

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